20 July 2013

Some Presentations from the "Re-Drawing Ptolemy" Conference

Detail of South America from the Waldseemüller map, Universalis Cosmographia, 1507.
On May 17-18, 2013, the Library of Congress hosted the conference "Re-Drawing Ptolemy: The Cartography of Martin Waldseemüller and Mathias Ringmann,"  sponsored by the Philip Lee Phillips Society, the Library of Congress’s Geography and Map Division, and the John Carter Brown Library.

Television channel C-SPAN3 filmed some the speaker's presentations and posted them online as "Waldseemuller's Map of America."



06 July 2013

Europeans on the east coast of Australia before Cook?

Hollandia Nova detecta 1644, a French copy (by Melchisedech Thevenot, 1663) of an earlier map by Dutch cartographer Joan Blaeu, based on information from voyages by Abel Tasman and Willem Jansz.  The map shows only the northern, western, and southern coasts of Australia.
The eastern coast of Australia, the history books tell us, was first seen by Europeans in 1770, when Captain James Cook's expedition explored the coast, but a skull discovered in 2011 might challenge that view.

Scientists from Australian National University tested a skull found in northern New South Wales in late 2011, revealing it to be from a Caucasoid male born around 1650—much too early to be a part of Cook's expedition.  Australia was first sighted by European explorers in early 1606 by the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon.  Over the rest of the century, there are records of several Dutch expeditions exploring the northern, western, and southern coasts—but not the east.  (Some writers claim that the Portuguese may have discovered Australia earlier, but they offer no definitive proof.)

Could the Dutch, or some other European power, have explored the eastern coast of Australia before Cook's 1770 voyage?  Or can the skull be explained away?


18 June 2013

Defining Lines: Cartography in the Age of Empire — Duke University

Map of the West Coast of Africa from Sierra Leone
to Cape Palmas, including the colony of Liberia
, 1830.
The Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University will host an exhibit entitled "Lines of Control" between September 19, 2013, and February 2, 2014.  The exhibit focuses on the meaning of borders and part of the exhibit is called "Defining Lines: Cartography in the Age of Empire," and features presentations on the cartography of borders from Duke University undergraduate students in the BorderWork(s) Lab.  As part of this exhibit, BorderWork(s) students have posted videos explaining exploration, imperialism, cartography, and borders, such as this video on Africa by Lauren Jackson.

09 June 2013

La Salle's Great Lakes Ship Found?

Woodcut of La Salle's Le Griffon, lost on the Great Lakes in 1679.
(From Father Louis Hennipin, Nouvelle Decouverte, Utrecht, 1697.)

The Great Lakes Exploration Group is soon set to take French archaeologists to the floor of Lake Michigan to determine if the wreckage they have found are indeed the remains of Le Griffon, that disappeared, presumed sunk, in 1679.  Le Griffon was built by order of the famed French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle.



28 April 2013

"Explorers," Crystal Skulls, and Lawsuits Aplenty


A crystal skull at the British Museum (ID Am1898C3.1 ),
similar in dimensions to the more detailed Mitchell-Hedges skull.
Society for the History of Discoveries member Raymond John Howgego is collecting sources for a definitive biography of Frederick Albert Mitchell-Hedges, the stockbroker turned amateur archaeologist and explorer best known for his supposed discovery of an ancient Mesoamerican crystal skull that he called the "Skull of Doom."

The "crystal skulls" are the central plot element for the blockbuster 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, where the intrepid archaeologist/adventurer Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr., hunts down the mystery behind the artifacts.  Mitchell-Hedges is even mentioned in the film.

But in late 2012 Belizean archaeologist Jaimie Awe, director of the Institute of Archaeology of Belize, sued Paramount Pictures, Lucasfilm, and Lucasfilm's new owner Disney for illegally profiting from the skull's likeness.  Awe considers the skull a Belizean national treasure, and the use of the skull as a plot device exploitative.  Awe is also suing the Mitchell-Hedges family's heirs for the return of the skull.

The Mitchell-Hedges crystal skull, which the self-promoting adventurer Mitchell-Hedges claimed he unearthed from a 1924 dig at the Maya city of  Lubaantun, in then British Honduras.  Howgego's research, however, has poked holes in many of the claimed explorations and stories of Mitchell-Hedges's life, while scientific research into the skull has concluded it is probably a twentieth-century forgery, made with modern tools.

Nineteenth-century colonial adventurism, early twentieth-century archaeology, late twentieth-century New Ageism, and twenty-first-century movie magic are all mixed up in the interesting story of the crystal skulls.


20 April 2013

500th Anniversary of the Piri Reis map

Surviving fragment of the Piri Reis map (1513) showing Central and South America shores.
UNESCO has declared 2013 the five hundredth anniversary of the "Piri Reis map," the name for the map of the New World by Ottoman admiral Piri Reis (full name: Hacı Ahmed Muhiddin Piri; Reis was an Ottoman military rank akin to that of captain).

The 1513 map shows the Caribbean and the coast of South America soon after the European discovery of the Americas.  One written inscription on the map tells of its sources, one "a map drawn by Qulūnbū in the western region."  Qulūnbū is Columbus, and scholars such as Gregory McIntosh note that the map's features are similar to the geographical notions of Christopher Columbus.

The Piri Reis map has also served as fodder for "alternative historians" who claim it depicts evidence of Atlantis, an ice-free Antarctica, unknown Chinese voyages around the globe, or even extraterrestrial mapping of the globe.

Turkey is celebrating the anniversary with exhibitions around the country.  Ankara University hosted the International Piri Reis Symposium on April 12, 2013, with speakers from Turkey and around the world.  Even Google got into the act with a Piri Reis map Google Doodle on April 7.

01 March 2013

Charting the Land on the Ocean: Pacific Exploration, 1520-1876


 Maris Pacifici by Abraham Ortelius in his Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (1589)
The University of Otago in New Zealand hosts an exceptional and informative online exhibit titled: Charting the Land on the Ocean: Pacific Exploration, 1520-1876.  The exhibit showcases an array pieces, including maps, paintings, artifacts, and books, related to expeditions from the era of Magellan through the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842 and beyond.  Included are artifacts relating to Captain Cook, Dumont D'Urville, Alejandro Malaspina, Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, and others.

It is well worth taking a look!