28 April 2013

"Explorers," Crystal Skulls, and Lawsuits Aplenty


A crystal skull at the British Museum (ID Am1898C3.1 ),
similar in dimensions to the more detailed Mitchell-Hedges skull.
Society for the History of Discoveries member Raymond John Howgego is collecting sources for a definitive biography of Frederick Albert Mitchell-Hedges, the stockbroker turned amateur archaeologist and explorer best known for his supposed discovery of an ancient Mesoamerican crystal skull that he called the "Skull of Doom."

The "crystal skulls" are the central plot element for the blockbuster 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, where the intrepid archaeologist/adventurer Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr., hunts down the mystery behind the artifacts.  Mitchell-Hedges is even mentioned in the film.

But in late 2012 Belizean archaeologist Jaimie Awe, director of the Institute of Archaeology of Belize, sued Paramount Pictures, Lucasfilm, and Lucasfilm's new owner Disney for illegally profiting from the skull's likeness.  Awe considers the skull a Belizean national treasure, and the use of the skull as a plot device exploitative.  Awe is also suing the Mitchell-Hedges family's heirs for the return of the skull.

The Mitchell-Hedges crystal skull, which the self-promoting adventurer Mitchell-Hedges claimed he unearthed from a 1924 dig at the Maya city of  Lubaantun, in then British Honduras.  Howgego's research, however, has poked holes in many of the claimed explorations and stories of Mitchell-Hedges's life, while scientific research into the skull has concluded it is probably a twentieth-century forgery, made with modern tools.

Nineteenth-century colonial adventurism, early twentieth-century archaeology, late twentieth-century New Ageism, and twenty-first-century movie magic are all mixed up in the interesting story of the crystal skulls.


20 April 2013

500th Anniversary of the Piri Reis map

Surviving fragment of the Piri Reis map (1513) showing Central and South America shores.
UNESCO has declared 2013 the five hundredth anniversary of the "Piri Reis map," the name for the map of the New World by Ottoman admiral Piri Reis (full name: Hacı Ahmed Muhiddin Piri; Reis was an Ottoman military rank akin to that of captain).

The 1513 map shows the Caribbean and the coast of South America soon after the European discovery of the Americas.  One written inscription on the map tells of its sources, one "a map drawn by Qulūnbū in the western region."  Qulūnbū is Columbus, and scholars such as Gregory McIntosh note that the map's features are similar to the geographical notions of Christopher Columbus.

The Piri Reis map has also served as fodder for "alternative historians" who claim it depicts evidence of Atlantis, an ice-free Antarctica, unknown Chinese voyages around the globe, or even extraterrestrial mapping of the globe.

Turkey is celebrating the anniversary with exhibitions around the country.  Ankara University hosted the International Piri Reis Symposium on April 12, 2013, with speakers from Turkey and around the world.  Even Google got into the act with a Piri Reis map Google Doodle on April 7.

01 March 2013

Charting the Land on the Ocean: Pacific Exploration, 1520-1876


 Maris Pacifici by Abraham Ortelius in his Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (1589)
The University of Otago in New Zealand hosts an exceptional and informative online exhibit titled: Charting the Land on the Ocean: Pacific Exploration, 1520-1876.  The exhibit showcases an array pieces, including maps, paintings, artifacts, and books, related to expeditions from the era of Magellan through the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842 and beyond.  Included are artifacts relating to Captain Cook, Dumont D'Urville, Alejandro Malaspina, Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, and others.

It is well worth taking a look!

26 February 2013

Society for the History of Discoveries - Session Proposal: “Rediscovering Morocco”


Society for the History of Discoveries, Oct. 31-Nov. 2, 2013, Tampa, FL

Session Proposal: “Rediscovering Morocco”

This session seeks to unite disparate European explorations and penetrations into Morocco, while at the same time papers may address Moroccan explorations and penetrations into Europe, the Americas or the East. Particular areas of inquiry might address: transatlantic exploration—Native Americans to Morocco, or North Africans to the Americas; European exploration and colonization of Morocco and Moroccan exploration and “colonization” of Europe; African (ie sub-Sahara, Ethiopia, Egypt) exploration of Morocco, and vice versa; or, travel diaries and narratives of European travelers to Morocco, or Moroccan travelers to Europe.

Please send inquiries and abstracts to Dr. Lauren Beck (lbeck@mta.ca) and Dr. Jim Matthews (matthews@iwu.edu) before March 25th.

15 February 2013

"Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"

Map of the Travels of David Livingstone in Africa, 1873
March 19, 2013, is the 200th anniversary of the birth of Dr. David Livingstone (1813-1873), the Scottish medical missionary and explorer of Africa.  The National Museum of Scotland is hosting an exhibit titled "Dr Livingstone, I presume?" that runs through April 7, 2013, in Edinburgh.  Among the more than 100 artifacts on exhibit are the hats worn by Livingstone and H. M. Stanley (1841-1904) when Stanley found Livingstone (who had lost touch with the outside world) on November 10, 1871, near Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa.

This is one of the several events meant to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Livingstone's birth that are planned for the year 2013 in both Europe and Africa.

03 February 2013

Alexine Tinné exhibit in the Netherlands

Copyright reserved by the Haags Historisch Museum
As a tie-in to the article "Alexine Tinné: Nineteenth-Century Explorer of Africa" by scholar Mylynka Kilgore Cardona in the most-recent issue of Terrae Incognitae (the journal for the Society of the History of Discoveries), the Haags Historisch Museum (Historical Museum of The Hague) is currently hosting an exhibit titled "Alexine Tinne. Afrikaanse avonturen van een Haagse dame" (Alexine Tinne: African adventures of a  Hague lady).  Alexine Tinné (1835-1869) traveled and explored in Egypt, the Sudan, the upper Nile, and the Sahara.  The adventuress's personal belongings, photographs, and ethnographic artifacts are on display until March 24, 2013.

28 January 2013

Latest issue of SHD's journal is published, with a freebie

The latest issue of Terrae Incognitae, the scholarly journal for the Society of the History of Discoveries, is out and it is a special issue on the exploration of Africa.  Here is the table of contents:

  • Exploration in the Nineteenth Century by Imre Josef Demhardt
  • The Cartography of Exploration: Livingstone's 1851 Manuscript Sketch Map of the Zambesi River by Elri Liebenberg
  • The Reverend Charles New: Nineteenth-Century Missionary and Explorer in Eastern Equatorial Africa by Sanford H. Bederman
  • Alexine Tinné: Nineteenth-Century Explorer of Africa by Mylynka Kilgore Cardona
  • Hermann Habenicht's Spezialkarte von Afrika - A Unique Cartographic Record of African Exploration 1885-1892 by Wulf Bodenstein
  • Recent and Upcoming Literature in Discovery History
  • Book Reviews
The publisher has granted free public access to the introductory essay "Exploration in the Nineteenth Century" by Imre Josef Demhardt.  So, learn about the history of nineteenth-century European exploration of Africa and join SHD to get the printed journal!